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- [Amazon S3](sections/s3.md)
- [Databases & Analytics](sections/databases.md)
- [Other Compute Section](sections/other_compute.md)
-- [Deploying and Managing Infrastructure at Scale Section](sections/deploying.md)
+- [Deploying and Managing Infrastructure at Scale](sections/deploying.md)
+- [Global Infrastructure](sections/global_infrastructure.md)
### Contributors
diff --git a/sections/global_infrastructure.md b/sections/global_infrastructure.md
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+# Global Infrastructure
+
+- [Global Infrastructure](#global-infrastructure)
+ - [Why make a global application?](#why-make-a-global-application)
+ - [Global AWS Infrastructure](#global-aws-infrastructure)
+ - [Global Applications in AWS](#global-applications-in-aws)
+ - [Amazon Route 53 Overview](#amazon-route-53-overview)
+ - [Route 53 - Diagram for A Record](#route-53---diagram-for-a-record)
+ - [Route 53 Routing Policies](#route-53-routing-policies)
+ - [simple routing policy](#simple-routing-policy)
+ - [weighted routing policy](#weighted-routing-policy)
+ - [latency routing policy](#latency-routing-policy)
+ - [failover routing policy](#failover-routing-policy)
+ - [AWS CloudFront](#aws-cloudfront)
+ - [CloudFront - Origins](#cloudfront---origins)
+ - [CloudFront vs S3 Cross Region Replication](#cloudfront-vs-s3-cross-region-replication)
+ - [S3 Transfer Acceleration](#s3-transfer-acceleration)
+ - [AWS Global Accelerator](#aws-global-accelerator)
+ - [AWS Global Accelerator vs CloudFront](#aws-global-accelerator-vs-cloudfront)
+ - [AWS Outposts](#aws-outposts)
+ - [AWS Outposts Benefits](#aws-outposts-benefits)
+ - [AWS WaveLength](#aws-wavelength)
+ - [AWS Local Zones](#aws-local-zones)
+ - [Global Applications - Summary](#global-applications---summary)
+
+## Why make a global application?
+
+- A global application is an application deployed in **multiple geographies**
+- On AWS: this could be **Regions** and / or **Edge Locations**
+- **Decreased Latency**
+ - Latency is the time it takes for a network packet to reach a server
+ - It takes time for a packet from Asia to reach the US
+ - Deploy your applications closer to your users to decrease latency, better experience
+- **Disaster Recovery (DR)**
+ - If an AWS region goes down (earthquake, storms, power shutdown, politics)…
+ - You can fail-over to another region and have your application still working
+ - A DR plan is important to increase the availability of your application
+- **Attack protection**: distributed global infrastructure is harder to attack
+
+### Global AWS Infrastructure
+
+- Regions: For deploying applications and infrastructure
+- Availability Zones: Made of multiple data centers
+- Edge Locations (Points of Presence): for content delivery as close as possible to users
+- More at:
+
+### Global Applications in AWS
+
+- **Global DNS: Route 53**
+ - Great to route users to the closest deployment with least latency
+ - Great for disaster recovery strategies
+- **Global Content Delivery Network (CDN): CloudFront**
+ - Replicate part of your application to AWS Edge Locations – decrease latency
+ - Cache common requests – improved user experience and decreased latency
+- **S3 Transfer Acceleration**
+ - Accelerate global uploads & downloads into Amazon S3
+- **AWS Global Accelerator:**
+ - Improve global application availability and performance using the AWS global network
+
+## Amazon Route 53 Overview
+
+- Route53 is a Managed DNS (Domain Name System)
+- DNS is a collection of rules and records which helps clients understand how to reach a server through URLs.
+- In AWS, the most common records are:
+ - www.google.com => 12.34.56.78 == A record (IPv4)
+ - www.google.com => 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 == AAAA IPv6
+ - search.google.com => www.google.com == CNAME: hostname to hostname
+ - example.com => AWS resource == Alias (ex: ELB, CloudFront, S3, RDS, etc…)
+
+### Route 53 - Diagram for A Record
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+ participant Web browser
+ participant Route 53
+ participant Application Server(IP=11.12.13.1)
+ Web browser->>Route 53: DNS Request app.domain.com
+ Route 53 ->> Web browser: Send back IP:11.12.13.1(A record: hostname or IP)
+ Web browser->>Application Server(IP=11.12.13.1): HTTP Request IP:11.12.13.1 (Host:app.domain.com)
+ Application Server(IP=11.12.13.1) ->> Web browser: HTTP Response
+```
+
+## Route 53 Routing Policies
+
+Need to know them at a high-level for the Cloud Practitioner Exam
+
+- simple routing policy
+- weighted routing policy
+- latency routing policy
+- failover routing policy
+
+### simple routing policy
+
+- Use for a single resource that performs a given function for your domain
+- for example, a web server that serves content for the example.com website.
+- You can use simple routing to create records in a private hosted zone
+
+### weighted routing policy
+
+- Use to route traffic to multiple resources in proportions that you specify.
+- You can use weighted routing to create records in a private hosted zone.
+
+### latency routing policy
+
+- Use when you have resources in multiple AWS Regions and you want to route traffic to the region that provides the best latency.
+- You can use latency routing to create records in a private hosted zone.
+
+### failover routing policy
+
+- Use when you want to configure active-passive failover.
+- You can use failover routing to create records in a private hosted zone.
+
+## AWS CloudFront
+
+- Content Delivery Network (CDN)
+- **Improves read performance, content is cached at the edge**
+- Improves users experience
+- 216 Point of Presence globally (edge locations)
+- DDoS protection (because worldwide), integration with Shield, AWS Web Application Firewall
+- Source:
+
+### CloudFront - Origins
+
+- S3 bucket
+ - For distributing files and caching them at the edge
+ - Enhanced security with CloudFront Origin Access Identity (OAI)
+ - CloudFront can be used as an ingress (to upload files to S3)
+- Custom Origin (HTTP)
+ - Application Load Balancer
+ - EC2 instance
+ - S3 website (must first enable the bucket as a static S3 website)
+ - Any HTTP backend you want
+
+### CloudFront vs S3 Cross Region Replication
+
+| CloudFront | S3 Cross Region Replication |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Global Edge network | Must be setup for each region you want replication to happen |
+| Files are cached for a TTL (Time to Live) (maybe a day) | Files are updated in near real-time, Read only |
+| **Great for static content that must be available everywhere** | **Great for dynamic content that needs to be available at low-latency in few regions** |
+
+### S3 Transfer Acceleration
+
+- Increase transfer speed by transferring file to an AWS edge location which will forward the data to the S3 bucket in the target region
+- if we try to upload file to Australia S3 bucket it will take time using CloudFront we can rescue time.
+- File in USA -> Edge Location(USA) -> S3 Bucket(Australia)
+- Test the tool at:
+
+## AWS Global Accelerator
+
+- Improve global application availability and performance using the AWS global network
+- Leverage the AWS internal network to optimize the route to your application (60% improvement)
+- 2 Anycast IP are created for your application and traffic is sent through Edge Locations
+- The Edge locations send the traffic to your application
+- Test the tool at:
+
+### AWS Global Accelerator vs CloudFront
+
+- They both use the AWS global network and its edge locations around the world
+- Both services integrate with AWS Shield for DDoS protection.
+- CloudFront – Content Delivery Network
+ - Improves performance for your cacheable content (such as images and videos)
+ - Content is served at the edge
+- Global Accelerator
+ - No caching, proxying packets at the edge to applications running in one or more AWS Regions.
+ - Improves performance for a wide range of applications over TCP or UDP
+ - Good for HTTP use cases that require static IP addresses
+ - Good for HTTP use cases that required deterministic, fast regional failover
+
+## AWS Outposts
+
+- **Hybrid Cloud**: businesses that keep an on - premises infrastructure alongside a cloud infrastructure
+- Therefore, two ways of dealing with IT systems: • One for the AWS cloud (using the AWS console, CLI, and AWS APIs)
+- One for their on-premises infrastructure
+- **AWS Outposts are “server racks”** that offers the same AWS infrastructure, services, APIs & tools to build your own applications on-premises just as in the cloud
+- **AWS will setup and manage “Outposts Racks”** within your on-premises infrastructure and you can start leveraging AWS services on-premises
+- You are responsible for the Outposts Rack physical security
+
+### AWS Outposts Benefits
+
+- Low-latency access to on-premises systems
+- Local data processing
+- Data residency
+- Easier migration from on-premises to the cloud
+- Fully managed service
+- Some services that work on Outposts:
+ - EC2
+ - EBS
+ - S3
+ - EKS
+ - ECS
+ - RDS
+ - EMR
+
+## AWS WaveLength
+
+- WaveLength Zones are infrastructure deployments embedded within the telecommunications providers’ datacenters at the edge of the 5G networks
+- Brings AWS services to the edge of the 5G networks
+- Example: EC2, EBS, VPC…
+- Ultra-low latency applications through 5G networks
+- Traffic doesn’t leave the Communication Service Provider’s (CSP) network
+- High-bandwidth and secure connection to the parent AWS Region
+- No additional charges or service agreements
+- Use cases: Smart Cities, ML-assisted diagnostics, Connected Vehicles, Interactive Live Video Streams, AR/VR, Real-time Gaming
+
+## AWS Local Zones
+
+- Places AWS compute, storage, database, and other selected AWS services closer to end users to run latency-sensitive
+applications
+- Extend your VPC to more locations – “Extension of an AWS Region”
+- Compatible with EC2, RDS, ECS, EBS, ElastiCache, Direct Connect …
+- Example:
+ - AWS Region: N. Virginia (us-east-1)
+ - AWS Local Zones: Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Miami
+
+## Global Applications - Summary
+
+- Global DNS: Route 53
+ - Great to route users to the closest deployment with least latency
+ - Great for disaster recovery strategies
+- Global Content Delivery Network (CDN): CloudFront
+ - Replicate part of your application to AWS Edge Locations – decrease latency
+ - Cache common requests – improved user experience and decreased latency
+- S3 Transfer Acceleration
+ - Accelerate global uploads & downloads into Amazon S3
+- AWS Global Accelerator
+ - Improve global application availability and performance using the AWS global network
+- AWS Outposts
+ - Deploy Outposts Racks in your own Data Centers to extend AWS services
+- AWS WaveLength
+ - Brings AWS services to the edge of the 5G networks
+ - Ultra-low latency applications
+- AWS Local Zones
+ - Bring AWS resources (compute, database, storage, …) closer to your users
+ - Good for latency-sensitive applications